Jane Addams and the Progressive Movement Essay - 1388 Words

Jane Addams and the Progressive Movement Works Cited Not Included Jane Addams is recognized as a social and political pioneer for women in America. In her biography, which later revealed her experiences in Hull House, she demonstrates her altruistic personality, which nurtured the poor and pushed for social reforms. Although many of Addams ideas were considered radical for her time, she provided women with a socially acceptable way to participate in both political and social change. She defied the prototypical middle class women by integrating the line that separated private and political life. Within these walls of the settlement house, Addams redefined the idea of ?separate spheres,? and with relentless determination, she†¦show more content†¦More and more women were becoming teachers during this period, and it was continuously being associated as a female entity. Women were allowed to engage in certain social affairs. Although this did not include fighting for the reduction of labor hours or the elimination of child labor, it did encomp ass helping the poor, which was the immediate motive behind establishing Hull House. Reaching out to women who needed a place to stay, or workers who could not afford to live in the crowded and unsanitary apartments that usually stuffed several families in one room, could find shelter in Addam?s creation. However, Addams worked extended beyond the ?private sphere? in too many areas to ignore. Her struggle led to many social and political reforms; she took a very radical political stance for her time, breaking her association from the standard middle class women. Hull House was unique in the sense that it held a position in both the public and private spheres of society. Within the private sphere, women in the Addam?s settlement house ran the household, raised children, taught about the necessity of morals, and preached about religion. In addition, Hull House members offered assistance to their community, which later encompassed the realm of the private sphere. Such actions included teaching, daycare, art galleries, and libraries. Hull House in theShow MoreRelatedThe Progressive Era Of Chicago1177 Words   |  5 Pages The Progressive Era began in the year 1890 through 1920; During this time many things in the country were evolving such as Social Justice, Government Efficiency, Suffrage Movements, Prohibition, and the list continues. Jane Adams being a fighter and standing up for what she believed in was described as being â€Å"bold as a lion† (20 yr) growing up and, through her adult years when initiating change in the way the gove rnment and society assist with the impoverished. Adams established the Hull HouseRead MoreThe Dual Nature of the Progressive Era Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dual Nature of the Progressive Era One common misconception is to view the Progressive movement as a unified core of reform-minded crusaders dedicated to improving the social welfare of American society. While this viewpoint is not entirely incorrect, it is only a partial and thereby misleading assessment of the movement that categorized the early part of the nineteenth-century. What some may fail to appreciate is the duality of the period-the cry for social welfare reforms juxtaposed againstRead More Jane Addams and Hull House Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesJane Addams and Hull House   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born in Cederville, Illinois, on September 6, 1860, Jane Addams founded the world famous social settlement of Hull House. From Hull House, where she lived and worked from it’s start in 1889 to her death in 1935, Jane Addams built her reputation as the country’s most prominent women through her writings, settlement work and international efforts for world peace. In 1931, she became the first women to win the Nobel Peace Prize.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Addams, whose father was anRead MoreEssay about Jane Addams and Assignment1431 Words   |  6 Pagesdate for full credit. (40 points) Criteria List the four criteria you have established for the humanitarian award and give an explanation of each. Criterion #1: Establishes Hull-House In Chicago, helping to launch the settlement house movement in the United State Explanation:  Hull House (named for the homes first owner) opened its doors to the recently arrived European immigrants. Criterion #2: In September 1905, Sinclair helped to establish the Intercollegiate SocialistRead MoreThe Progressive Movement Of The American Progressive Era1259 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to the American Progressive Era there is really no other movement like it. This was a movement that had not just one but many faces that ranged from people as big as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson to people like Jane Addams that accomplished so much. It was a movement so broad that it encompassed basically everyone and spoke not just to but for all those excluded from power. It also wasn’t just one big movement but a conglomeration of them varying from social, to economic, toRead MoreEssay on Fighting for Equal Rights1724 Words   |  7 PagesJane Addams, Harriet Tubman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Rachel Carson were four American women who advocated for social change. Their courage, intelligence, strength and leadership made a positive difference in the lives of many peopl e. These women were pioneers in their times. They either helped to found, or lent their voices to, various social movements, policies, and causes that evolved during their lifetimes and proved successful in helping many oppressed people. Jane Addams is most famousRead MoreProgressives And The Progressive Era1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe progressive Era was times in History were local state and federal government took a leap forward in power and activism. In addition, the progressive era, was a time of development of new reforms and changes for America. Progressivism handles a wide range of problems and struggle for America. Such problems were created by unstructed industrialization, urbanization and immigration. As well as, the unfavorable distribution of power and wealth. Progressives believed strongly that problems such asRead MoreFighting For Social Reform : Jane Addams1218 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Reform Though not widely known, Jane Addams’ influence and ideals can be seen throughout society. Born many years ago in 1860, the solutions for which she strived for are ageless. Women were considered the weaker sex, and forced to conform to traditional feminine roles such as staying at home and being primarily a nurturer. The issues that Jane Addams fought for, such as social justice and equality, are issues still prevalent in today’s society. Jane Addams aspired to create a world in which everyoneRead MoreRole Model Worthy For The Field Of Social Work1632 Words   |  7 Pagesmore than the others. She is the woman who started many social justice movements. This woman is the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize and â€Å"demonstrated the ethics and values that became the basis of the 100-year-old social work profession† (â€Å"Jane Addams†, 1998). She accomplished a lot in her life time and I can only hope to accomplish half of what she did. This woman that I am speaking about is named Jane Addams. Jane Addams was born in Cedarville, Illinois on September 6, 1860. She was the eighthRead MoreThe Effect of Amercan Wars on the Societal Views of Women965 Words   |  4 Pagescertainly not equal. With the birth of the United States, and the wars that followed, the female population finally gained the confidence to voice their thoughts of their roles in society. The impact of the Revolutionary War, the Civil War, and the Progressive Era impacted the roles that women played in society in momentous ways because all three of these events were times of partial chaos with which came the more confident voices of women voicing their concerns about society’s views of them. The Revolutionary

Malcolm X and the Shakespearean Tragic Hero Essay example

Malcolm X and the Shakespearean Tragic Hero Aristotle defines a tragic hero as â€Å"good but flawed, must be aristocratic, must be believable, and must behave consistently.† The Muslim leader Malcolm X can be compared to such tragic heroes such as Othello and Hamlet. Malcolm’s life and his personality have similar traits from both of the famous Shakespearean heroes. In this paper we will look deeper into the life of Malcolm X and find the similarities between him and the tragic heroes, also we will prove that Malcom X can also be referred to as one of the great tragic heroes. Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little. He grew up in the streets of Boston and New York where he was known as â€Å"Red†. Malcolm became what most young†¦show more content†¦All of them urged Malcolm to write to Mr. Elijah Muhammad. Although he did write he felt embarrassed because he had poor grammar and could not articulate his thoughts efficiently. Malcolm had emerged himself in the teachings of the Honorable Elijah Muhammad and began to try to â€Å"teach† others what he was still learning. â€Å"I soon began writing to people I had known in the hustling world, such as Sammy the Pimp, John Hughes, the gambling house owner, the thief Jumpsteady, and several dope peddlers† (Autobio p.173). After an incident where his brother was suspended from the Nation for immoral behavior Malcolm had begun to doubt the teachings of the Nation of Islam. To Malcolm they’re had to be some misunderstanding because his brother introduced the nation to him. That night Malcolm had a vision of a man and that morning he had received a letter from Mr. Muhammad telling him if he didn’t believe now he had never believed that statement alone renewed his faith in the Nation and he rejected his brother. Malcolm was released on parole and he made his way to Detroit where he began working at a furniture store and became a member of the Temple. Malcolm became restless with the recruiting efforts of the Temple and upon his first meeting with Mr. Muhammad Malcolm voiced his opinions about recruiting and he agreed appointing him minister of the Temple of Detroit. This is when Malcolm begins to take on the role ofShow MoreRelatedMalcolm X the Tragic Hero1843 Words   |  8 PagesPaper December 11, 2001 Malcolm X and The Shakespearean Tragic heroes Aristotle defines a tragic hero as good but flawed, must be aristocratic, must be believable, and must behave consistently. -Aristotle. The Muslim leader Malcolm X can be compared to such tragic heroes such as Othello and Hamlet. Malcolms life and his personality have similar traits from both of the famous Shakespearean heroes. In this paper we will look deeper into the life of Malcolm X and find the similarities betweenRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Shakespeare s Hamlet1513 Words   |  7 Pages[insert introduction here] Macbeth and Hamlet are both tragic heroes whose fall from greatness disturbs the order of their kingdoms. A tragic hero is a character, one of high esteem, whose internal imperfection leads to their downfall. Both Macbeth and Hamlet are well known and of high social class when an unexpected calamity hits. Hamlet, the son of the king of Denmark, is a charismatic prince â€Å"most immediate to [the] throne† (Shakespeare, Ham I.ii.109). It can be inferred that he lives a rather

Description about the Business Analysis and Valuation for Organization

Question: Describe about the Business Analysis and Valuation for Organizational Qantas. Answer: Introduction The assignment will focus on evaluating the business operations of the selected organization Qantas. Qantas is one the Australian famous Airways limited company, and it is the largest airline in Australia, when measured regarding international flights and international destinations. The report will analyze all the crucial factors, which will concentrate on the business as well as marketing operations of Qantas Airline (Qantas.com, 2016). There are eight major questions in this particular report, which will focus on the critical business as well as the marketing operations of the organizations Competitive Advantages of Qantas by using Porters Five Forces The use of porters five forces is one of the primary marketing tool, which different groups irrespective of the nature of the business follows towards developing a proper business plan. Qantas operates its business both in national boundary and beyond national boundary. The application of this particular marketing tool will analyze all the crucial elements, which are required by the organization to develop its business operations overseas. The five important factors, which are included in this particular marketing tool, involve Power of the suppliers, Powers of the buyers, Potential threats, threats of substitute and competitive rivalry. The level of competitiveness in the airline industry is high. In Australia, there are many firms, which operate its business activities in the same domain. Australia has the vision of becoming the worlds largest aviation market within the financial year 2020. The various airline industries are competing for the same customers when measured regarding prices, technology, and customer services. The second factor will summarize the bargaining powers of the suppliers, which includes fuel, aircraft, and labor (Jenkins and Williamson 2015). Qantas Airline mainly focuses on these three factors, which will evaluate the bargaining power of the suppliers. Qantas Airline strongly divides the customers base into two divisions, which includes direct clients and customers buying tickets through agents. The bargaining powers of these two groups of customers differ from each other. There are some threats of substitution in this particular industry as the purchasing options of the buyers are diversifi ed. The customer can choose other forms of transport to get to their destinations (Fleisher and Bensoussan 2015). The primary variable is time. Planes are the fastest mode of transportation and majority of the passengers prefers this particular way. However, if Qantas develops a proper pricing strategy, it will put a positive impact on the overall business policies. As in Australian market, the entry and exits of new firms are not restricted; it is another important aspect of the firm, which Qantas follows, as the switching cost in the airline industry is very low (Rogers and Davidson 2015). On the other hand, if the customers are not satisfied with the service of Qantas, they will automatically shift to the next alternative brands to satisfy their demands by maintaining an affordable price. Three Factors for Qantas Competitive Environment Qantas has been in the business with the firm for 90 years and has been acclaimed for its success and milestones. The growth of the Qantas group, despite certain drawbacks, is remarkable (Grant, 2016). However, there are certain factors, which possibly affect the competitive environment of Qantas. Cost cutting, lower oil price and the end of the carbon tax, lower depreciation charges, end of the domestic capacity war and international competition are some of the crucial factors, which affect the competitiveness of Qantas Airline. Nevertheless, out of all the important factors some of the fundamental factors, which influence the competitiveness of Qantas, are highlighted in the following part of the report. To support this particular question based on real facts and findings, a proper situation analysis needs to be developed keeping in mind the requirements of the organization (Fill and Turnbull 2016). A business design and its competitiveness need to be analyzed, but the market condi tions may evolve. Customers, suppliers, products and competitors are some of the key attributes, which affect the business proceedings of the selected organization. As compared with other Airline Organization the depreciation charge on different kinds of fixed assets is much low, which is one of the main elements, which affects the competitiveness of the selected organization (Bryman, and Bell 2015). The second factor is the cost cutting factors, which often drops the performance in the business operations, which is one of the major barriers competiveness. The third factor is the fluctuation of the international price of crude oil, which often hampers the business operations for all the aviation industry. Qantas Competitive Strategy with the application of the SWOT Analysis Competition exists in every corner. Business exists in a dynamic environment, which is changing on a frequent basis. To analyze the competitive strategy of the organization, there are certain points, which the Qantas Airline needs to evaluate in the overall business proceedings. The role of situation analysis contributes as one of the most significant aspects of the overall business operations of Qantas Airline (Rosemann and vom Brocke 2015). There are two kinds of business environment; one is the internal environment, and the other one is the external environment. With the application of the SWOT Analysis, Qantas Airline will be able to scan both the internal environment as well as external environment. The four factors contribute Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats. The first two factors conclude the scanning of the internal environment and the reaming two factors will find the scanning of the external environment (Hollensen 2015). Strength The organization maintains an active as well as the trustworthy name in the aviation sector of the airline industry. Along with its subsidiaries, this particular airline operates its business across the major cities of the globe; some international flights include almost in all the cities of the world. Being the oldest airlines in the country, Qantas Airways is far ahead of the different aviation industry in Australia when measured regarding the experience, operational accountability, technology, and services. Qantas Airline is a promising airline company, which provides a comfortable journey to all the passengers by proving cost effective as well as cost-efficient services. Weakness Due to environmental constraints, some long route flights are often delayed. In spite of expanding to the international region, Qantas still depends on the domestic market for its primary revenues. The over-dependence on the single market and in the domestic sector leaves the Airways vulnerable to any politics situation or economic depression and in Australia. Opportunity The company develops a proper pricing strategy which in the business operations which will attract the customers in many ways. It is one of the oldest airline and aviation sector in the country and maintains a high brand value among the passengers. A lease has been announced for a new aircraft fleet to carter more passengers and provides different kinds of employment opportunities and services to the people. Threats Due to increase in the global fuel price, there are certain negative impacts in the overall pricing decisions of the company. The purchasing options of the customers are diversified in the aviation sector of the country, which is one of the major threats in this particular industry. Congestion and airport capacity issue affect the industry, due to the increase in the population and number of flights in the country. Three Accounting Policies of Qantas The answer to this particular question will address the three accounting policies, which Qantas developed in the business operations and strategies. There are three important principles, which Qantas Airline selected in the process of conducting an efficient financial management system. The role of the effective financial system contributes as one of the most significant aspects of the business, as finance is one of the primary as well as key attributes in the overall business proceedings (Strauss 2016). The ideas of the accounting policies are some of the specific objectives as well as specific principles, which follow specific rules and regulation in the financial management of the organization towards the preparation of the financial statements. The application of accounting policies includes certain standards and regulations in the process of measurement systems and produces for presenting disclosures. However, one of the main things, which need to follow by the majority of the multinational organization, includes following all the accounting standards and principles developed by IFRS. GAAP is the core principles in the accounting standards (Kotler 2015). The following part of the study will highlight what are the three top accounting standards and principles followed Qantas Airline in the business operations. Period Policy With the idea of this particular accounting policy, Qantas Airline reports the complex and ongoing activities of the business in a relatively short manner which distinct time intervals measured in months of different commercial years. This is one of the best accounting practices used by the different organization with the view of developing a proper forecasting activity (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). Fox example the income statement for the year ended in December is known, however, the income statement for the next three months ended for example in the month of March is not known, with the help of this particular accounting tool the organization will be able to forecast the income statement for the month of March. Cost Principle policy Cost is one of the major factors in all aspects of business. From the auditor's point of view, cost refers to the amount spend on cash and cash equivalence (Slater 2015). However, valuation is also an important aspect in aspects of the business. Nevertheless, assets do not reflect the actual amount of money, which the company would receive. With the use of the cost principle, Qantas Airline will be able to determine the true cost by analyzing some specific parameters of the financial system. Revenue Recognition Policy Revenue is one of the prime sources of income for every organization. With the application of the Revenue Recognition Policy, the revenue earning points of the organization will determine the revenue, which is recognized as soon as the product has the organization, has performed the overall service (Vitell and Hunt 2015). With the help of this particular accounting, policy the organization will be able to incorporate the different principles based on revenue recognition principle. These are the three major principles which the organization in the Qantas need to follow in the overall operations of the business and the reason behind choosing these policies and principles ensures the organization to develop a high as well as a proper organizational functioning in the financial system. Corporate level strategies of the Qantas Airlines Qantas Airline is the oldest airline organization in the Australia. The objective of the group is to develop on different kinds of the main organizational strategies, which will focus towards satisfying the demands of the customers (Clay, et al. 2015). The corporate level strategy will concentrate on the achievement of the common organizational goals, which will concentrate towards meeting the requirements and wants of the customers. The business objective of the organization will focus on a proper technological advancement, which will incorporate towards providing all the modern facilities to the passengers at a reasonable cost (Glassman 2015). To execute all these operations in a proper manner, the organization developed an appropriate pricing strategy, which has provided one of the better competitive advantages. However, it has become the Australias largest group when measured regarding flights (Yadav, Dokania and Pathak 2016). With the vision of becoming the largest Aviation industry by the year 2020, the organization needs to provide the best options for the customer largely. The corporate level strategies includes financial performance, mergers and acquisition, a proper human resource management and allocation of proper resources are some of the key parameters which Qantas Airlines needs to follows in the part of corporate level strategy. Analysis of Financial Performance and Financial Position in year 2013 Financial Performance 2012-2013 The financial performance of Qantas in 2012-2013 can be given as Qantas 2012 (Million dollars) 2013 (Million dollars) Growth in Performance Revenues 15,724 15,902 +1.13% Expenses 15,897 15,698 -1.25% Return on Equity (ROE) -4.07% 0.08% Table: Revenues and Expenses of Qantas Source: (Qantas Annual Report 2013) According to the results calculated from the revenues in 2013 has shown an increase of 1.13% whereas the expenses have decreased by 1.25%. Overall, the financial performance of Qantas has been growing while reducing expenses to a degree. However, the growth remains insignificant. Moreover, the return on equity for the year 2013 has increased after the fall experienced in 2012 Financial Position 2012-2013 Qantas 2012 (Million dollars) 2013 (Million dollars) Total Assets 21178 20200 Total Liabilities 15289 14346 Owners Equity 5889 5954 Debt to asset Ratio 0.721 0.710 Liabilities to Equity 2.596 2.409 Table: Revenues and Expenses of Qantas Source: (Qantas Annual Report 2013) According to Qantas financial position, Liabilities to equity ratio has been large which depicts that the shareholders provide 2.5 dollars in 2012 and in 2.4 dollars in 2013. However, the company needs to lower its liabilities for a favorable position in debt to equity ratio. On the other hand, the debt to asset ratio is favorable to as many 0.72 assets as its liabilities are there to pay back the loan. For the both the years, the ratio has been more or less the same. Analysis of Financial Performance and Financial Position in year 2014-2015 Financial Performance 2014-2015 The financial performance of Qantas in 2014-2015 can be given as Qantas 2014 (Million dollars) 2015 (Million dollars) Growth in Performance Revenues 15,352 15,816 +3.022% Expenses 19,124 14,768 -22.777% Return on Equity (ROE) -64.53% 17.67% Table: Revenues and Expenses of Qantas Source: (Qantas Annual Report 2015) According to the results calculated from the revenues in 2015 has shown an increase of revenues by 3.022% whereas the expenses have decreased by 22.77%, which is commendable reduction. Overall, the financial performance of Qantas has been growing while the expenses have fallen to a greater extent as well as the growth has been significant. Moreover, the return on equity for the year 2015 has drastically increased after the all time low ROE in 2014. Financial Position 2014-2015 Qantas 2014 (Million dollars) 2015 (Million dollars) Assets 17318 17530 Liabilities 14452 14083 Owners Equity 2866 3447 Debt to asset Ratio 0.838 0.8033 Liabilities to Equity 5.0425 4.085 Table: Revenues and Expenses of Qantas Source: (Qantas Annual Report 2015) According to Qantas financial position, Liabilities to equity ratio has been considerably higher than the previous years which depicts that the shareholders provide 5.04 dollars in 2014 and in 4.08 dollars in 2015. However, the company needs to lower its liabilities as the favorable as the debt to asset ratio is not favorable as the shareholders price to invest has gone higher. On the other hand, the debt to asset ratio has also grown turning it to be not favorable to pay back the loan by 0.83 for every asset. For the both the years, the ratio has been more or less the same but it assumes to be decreasing in 2015. Analysis on Findings and clear recommendation to potential/existing investors on whether they should buy or sell Qantas share According to the report in the two years, according to valuation methods, the return on equity has been increasing in 2013 and 2015 from 2012 and 2014 respectively. However, 2014 shows to have a drastic change made in the interest income as the expenses have grown in a period of 3-4 years. Overall, there also have been fluctuating financial performance of Quantas and it has been making attempt to maintain a stable financial position as well. Conversely, the following are the recommendations based on the financial performance that the Quantas needs to take in to maintain its position in the market. Firstly, there has been need to decrease the expenses based on the competitive strategy such that there is more opportunity in building assets The investor needs to wait for sometime before investing in Qantas as recently the liabilities have increased and the investor may have to pay more for a dollar in the share prices. The years 2012 and 2014 has seen many fluctuations. As a result, the investor needs to evaluate its money so that the investor money can be valued. Conclusion The overall report will evaluate the operational management of the selected organization Qantas. Qantas is one of the most popular aviation industries in Australia. The overall assignment is classified into different segments, which summarize all the factors towards focusing on the business operations of the organization. Some of the important factors that are discussed in the overall reports include Qantas Competitive Strategies, development of different marketing tools that includes SWOT Analysis and Porters 5 forces. The final part of the report will conclude the analysis of the financial statement of the company followed by providing proper recommendations. References Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Cachanosky, N. and Salter, A.W., 2016. The view from Vienna: An analysis of the renewed interest in the Mises-Hayek theory of the business cycle.The Review of Austrian Economics, pp.1-24. Clay, W., Barrow, B., Stuart, E.J., Rose, M.R. and Talley, T., Acxiom Corporation, 2015.Interactive Marketing Simulation System and Method. U.S. Patent Application 14/617,584. Fill, C. and Turnbull, S.L., 2016. Marketing communications: brands, experiences and participation. Fleisher, C.S. and Bensoussan, B.E., 2015.Business and competitive analysis: effective application of new and classic methods. FT Press. Glassman, A.M., Newcomer, J.M., Earnhardt, M.P., Opengart, R.A., Watkins, D.V. and Marion, J.W., 2015. Validating the knowledge, skills, and abilities composite measure: An aviation industry pilot study. Grant, D., 2016. Business analysis techniques in business reengineering.Business Process Management Journal,22(1), pp.75-88. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Jenkins, W. and Williamson, D., 2015.Strategic management and business analysis. Routledge. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Manceau, D. and Hmonnet-Goujot, A., 2015.Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Qantas.com. 2016.Our Company | Qantas. Available at: https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/company/global/en [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Quantas Annual Report. 2013.The Transformation Continues Qantas Annual Report 2013. Available at: https://investor.qantas.com/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/doLLG5ufYkCyEPjF1tpgyw/file/annual-reports/2013AnnualReport.pdf [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Quantas Annual Report. 2015.A Strong Sustainable Future: Qantas Annual Report 2015. Available at: https://www.qantas.com.au/infodetail/about/investors/2015AnnualReport.pdf [Accessed 10 Sep. 2016]. Rogers, T. and Davidson, R., 2015.Marketing destinations and venues for conferences, conventions and business events(Vol. 14). Routledge. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.Does Marketing Need Reform?: Fresh Perspectives on the Future: Fresh Perspectives on the Future. Routledge. Slater, S.P., 2015. The Tasks of Strategic Market Management: The Role of Marketing. InProceedings of the 1989 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 667-667). Springer International Publishing. Strauss, J., 2016.E-marketing. Routledge. Vitell, S.J. and Hunt, S.D., 2015. The general theory of marketing ethics: the consumer ethics and intentions issues.Chapters, pp.15-37. West, D., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. Oxford University Press. Yadav, R., Dokania, A.K. and Pathak, G.S., 2016. The influence of green marketing functions in building corporate image: evidences from hospitality industry in a developing nation.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(10).

Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning

Planning Theory The meaning of planning theory depends on the context in which it is defined. There are two categories of planning theories namely, the procedural and the substantive theories. The procedural category encompasses the theories of planning, whereas the substantive consists of the theories in planning (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the procedural context, planning theory refers to the underlying ideologies, purposes, principles, and values in the planning process (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69). In the substantive context, planning theory refers to the descriptive and predictive body of knowledge about the morphology and functioning of a city. Generally, planning theory can be perceived as the tools and techniques that facilitate planning processes such a s data generation and communication. Importance of Planning Theory The main objective of planning theory is to enable planners to determine the circumstances under which human activities can lead to creation of a better city that benefits all its residence (Fainstein, 2005, pp. 121-130). In this context, planning theory has the following benefits. First, it establishes the relationship between planning procedures and the expected outcomes. This helps planners to identify appropriate planning procedures in order to achieve the desired outcomes. Second, planning theory provides guidelines for determining the attributes of an ideal city. For instance, Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) states that a good city should have adequate housing and affordable healthcare. By considering these elements, planners are able to meet the expectations of citizens concerning the acceptable standards of living within a city. Finally, planning theory provides a framework for choosing the best strategies for planning and developing a city that satisfies the needs of its residents. It facilitates identification of the bottlenecks that are likely to hinder the design and development of a good city. Types of Planning Theories There are three types of planning theories namely, the substantive, procedural, and normative theories. Procedural theory focuses on the planning process, by providing a framework for transferring knowledge into the actual activities associated with planning. Thus, it encompasses procedural issues such as making decisions, selecting participants in the planning process, and identifying the best planning processes. Substantive theory provides the knowledge base that planners use to develop city plans (Healey, 1992, pp. 143-162). It includes the theories associated with the various disciplines that are relevant in the planning process. Normative theory is concerned with the role of planning in the society. According to the normative theory, planning facilitates achievem ent of specific economic, historic, and political objectives that improve the lives of all citizens (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Justification of Planning From an economic perspective, planning is a form of intervention that is justified by the following reasons. First, planning helps in correcting market failure (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). A free market is considered to have failed if it cannot facilitate efficient and equitable distribution of goods. Public goods are often not provided by the private market because they are non-rivalrious and non-appropriable. This leads to market failure that can be avoided through planning for the provision of public goods. Second, planning helps in the prevention of negative externalities such as pollution (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). Third , the government can prevent the prisoner’s dilemma by mobilizing the citizens to combine their efforts to achieve a common goal. The prisoner’s dilemma is a situation where a person cannot achieve a certain objective by acting independently. Finally, planning helps in addressing the problem of the tragedy of the commons that occurs when a shared resource is depleted due to uncontrolled usage by its beneficiaries. This problem can be eliminated through plans that either regulate the use of the resource or expand it in response to the increase in demand. The Rational Synoptic Approach to Planning In synoptic planning, the systems perspective is adopted to articulate and to solve planning problems. This involves using mathematical models that establish the link between ends and means (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). Ends refer to the objectives that planners intend to achieve through planning, whereas means refer to the available resources and the constraints associated with the planning process. The effectiveness of synoptic planning depends on the availability of quantitative data and analytical tools that enable planners to achieve their objectives. The synoptic planning process has four stages. In the first stage, planners set the goals that they intend to achieve through planning. The second stage involves identification of the policies that can be employed to achieve the objectives of the plan (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). At the third stage, the available resources (means) are evaluated against the identified objectives (ends). The fourth stage involves implementation of the policy identified in stage two. It is worth noting that planners do not have to follow these stages sequentially since they are intertwined.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the synoptic approach i s superior to other planning methods in terms of simplicity, it has several weaknesses. To begin with, synoptic planning promotes centralization of planning activities such as problem definition and decision-making, thereby reducing the participation of the public in the planning process (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). The synoptic approach fails to acknowledge the fact that some planners have cognitive limits that hinder them from developing optimum solutions. The synoptic approach is also criticized because it presumes the general public interest instead of the pluralist interest. Process Verses Outcome The democratic proceduralists believe that process is the most important element of planning. Thus, planners should always focus on following democratic procedures to develop plans that lead to achievement of public interest. This perspective is opposed by the Kantian idealists who believe that the most important aspect of planning is its outcome. In this regard, planners should focus on the outcomes rather than the procedures used to achieve them. A third perspective in this debate is that planners should use any means to achieve their objectives as long as their intentions are ethical. They should focus on revolutionary change by developing new plans to replace existing ones. Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) argues that process and outcomes or ends and means should not be considered as separate elements of the planning process. He further states that both process and outcome are important in planning. Thus, planners should not focus on process at the expense of outcome and vice versa. In my view, both process and outcome are important in planning. However, democratic procedures should be followed only if they lead to achievement of the interests of the public. Similarly, the expected outcome of planning should be considered acceptable only if it is likely to satisfy the needs of the citizens. The Goodness of New York City According to Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471 ), a good city is characterized with the flourishing of the human population, multiplicity, and good governance. The human population flourishes if the city has adequate housing, social provision, remunerated work, and affordable healthcare. In New York City, majority of the residents have housing and jobs. However, healthcare is not affordable since a large number of residents still lack health insurance to access medical services.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Multiplicity refers to â€Å"an autonomous civil life relatively free from direct supervision and control by the state† (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has met this criterion since the statutes of New York State and the constitution of the United States protect the citizens’ right to liberty and speech. This has led to the development of a vibrant civil life in New York City. The residents are free to form organizations to articulate their challenges without the interference of the state or government. Governance refers to the procedures used to make and enforce binding decisions in cities (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has good governance that focuses on transparency and responsiveness to the needs of the citizens. The governance is also inclusive since citizens have the right to participate in the formulation of policies that affect their lives through consultations. The political leaders in the city are directly elected by the citizens b ased on their inspiration and ability to create a shared vision for the electorate. In sum, New York is a good city since it has most of the attributes identified by Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471). References Fainstein, S. (2005). Planning theory and the city. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1), 121-130. Friedmann, J. (2000). The good city: In defense of utopian thinking. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(2), 460-471. Galloway, T., Mahayni, R. (1977). Planning theory in retrospect: The progress of paradigm change. Journal of the American Planning Association, 43(1), 62-69. Healey, P. (1992). Planning through debate: The communicative turn in planning theory. The Town Planning Review, 63(2), 143-162. Hudson, B. (1979). Comparison of current planning theories: Counterparts and contradictions . Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4), 387-396. 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